基于井孔散射波能量的水力压裂效果评价方法

水压致裂是非常规油气开采的重要增产手段,水力压裂效果的评估对油气开采十分重要.现有的基于测井数据的水力压裂效果评价方法(如正交偶极各向异性、同位素测井等)仪能评价井壁附近的水力压裂效果.利用声波在水力压裂裂缝中传播产生背向散射波原理,提出了一种基于井孔散射波能量的水力压裂效果评价方法,建立了水力压裂随机介质模型,利用有限差分数值模拟了横波在水力压裂地层中的传播特征.数值模拟结果表明,在水力压裂区域偶极阵列波形产生了明显的散射波,声场的空间分布特征表明SH波(水平偏振横波)的散射以S-S散射为主,利用散射波的能量可以有效识别水力压裂的区域.该方法极大地提高了水力压裂效果的评价范围(井孔周围数十米范围),实际数据处理结果验证了该方法的可行性.     

园林绿化垃圾资源化利用产品在园林绿化中的应用效果评价

为探索园林绿化垃圾资源化利用产品在园林绿化和土壤改良中的实际应用效果,进一步推动园林绿化垃圾的资源化利用。本试验分别将园林绿化资源化利用产品——有机肥和生物质炭应用于城市公园的绿化中,选取红花檵木、大叶油草、紫色狼尾草分别作为园林绿化中的灌木和草本的代表性植物,通过测定不同处理中植物的叶绿素含量、株高以及土壤养分来评价园林绿化垃圾资源化利用产品的应用效果。结果显示：有机肥和生物质炭的使用会有效提高3种植株的叶绿素含量,促进植物生长。有机肥对于红花檵木的土壤养分含量的影响并不一致,但是对于土壤含水率和电导率均有不同程度的提高。另外,有机肥和生物质炭会显著提高大叶油草和紫穗狼尾草的土壤养分含量,更加有利于植物生长。本试验在植株生长和土壤养分这一方面为园林绿化垃圾资源化利用产品在园林绿化中的应用提供了理论依据,同时为园林绿化垃圾的资源化利用奠定了基础。后续的研究中要更加深入的在土壤的物理、化学、生物性质三方面进行,进一步充实上述理论依据。     

生物炭对亚热带红壤水稳性团聚体及其碳、氮分布的影响

为探究生物炭对亚热带红壤水稳性团聚体结构及其碳、氮分布的影响，针对亚热带红壤选用海鲜菇废菌棒为原料制备生物炭，通过短期盆栽试验，研究生物炭施用下土壤水稳性团聚体及其碳、氮分布特征。研究结果表明:(1)土壤水稳性团聚体均以 <0.25 mm粒径为主，其中生物炭配施化肥处理含量最高，为 65.88%，生物炭能够显著增加土壤粒径 >0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体比例，增幅达到 40.52%；配施化肥、猪粪则会降低其含量，降幅分别为 43.33%、25.33%；(2)生物炭配施化肥、猪粪可以显著提高土壤平均重量直径与几何平均直径；(3)施用生物炭可以显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮含量及碳氮比，平均增幅分别为 154.76%、74.05%、30.16%。综上所述，生物炭施用有利于提高亚热带红壤水稳性大团聚体含量及稳定性，且对于土壤碳氮含量的提升效果更为显著。     

Effects of climate factors and soil properties on soil nutrients and elemental stoichiometry across the Huang–Huai–Hai River Basin,China

Purpose

Soil nutrients, elemental stoichiometry, and their associated environmental control play important roles in nutrient cycling. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate soil nutrients and elemental stoichiometry, especially potassium and its associative elemental stoichiometry with other nutrients under different land uses in terrestrial ecosystems; (2) to discuss the impacts of climate factors, soil texture, and soil physicochemical properties; and (3) to identify the key factors on soil nutrient levels and elemental stoichiometry.

Materials and methods

Soil data, including pH, bulk density (BD), cation exchange capacity (CEC), volumetric water content (VMC), clay, silt and sand contents, total carbon (TC), nitrogen (TN), phosphorous (TP) and potassium (TK), available nitrogen (AN), phosphorus (AP), potassium (AK), and soil organic matter (SOM) under different land-use types, were collected, and their elemental stoichiometry ratios were calculated. Climate data including temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed, and evapotranspiration were collected. The least significant difference test and one-way analysis of variance were applied to investigate the variability of soil nutrients and elemental stoichiometry among land-use types; the ordinary least squares method and the general linear model were used to illustrate the correlations between soil nutrients, elemental stoichiometry, and soil properties or climate factors and to identify the key influencing factors.

Results and discussion

Woodlands had the highest SOM, TN, AN, and AK contents, followed by grasslands, croplands, and shrublands, while the TP and TK contents only varied slightly among land-use types. SOM, TN, AN, N/P, and N/K were strongly negatively correlated to soil pH (p <?0.05) and were strongly positively correlated to soil CEC (p <?0.05). For soil texture, only C/N was moderately negatively correlated to silt content but moderately positively correlated to sand content (p <?0.05). For climate factors, SOM, TN, AN, N/P, and N/K were significantly negatively correlated to evapotranspiration and temperature (p <?0.05), and the correlations were usually moderate. Soil pH explained most of the total variation in soil nutrients, and climate factors explained 5.64–28.16% of soil nutrients and elemental stoichiometry (except for AP (0.0%) and TK (68.35%)).

Conclusions

The results suggest that climate factors and soil properties both affect soil nutrients and elemental stoichiometry, and soil properties generally contribute more than climate factors to soil nutrient levels. The findings will help to improve our knowledge of nutrient flux responses to climate change while also assisting in developing management measures related to soil nutrients under conditions of climate change.

     

Effects of freeze-thaw cycles and initial soil moisture content on soil aggregate stability in natural grassland and Chinese pine forest on the Loess Plateau of China

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Ongoing global warming is decreasing the thickness of snow covers and increasing initial soil moisture content (SMC), which increase the number of freeze-thaw...     

长期秸秆配施化肥对土壤养分及小麦产量、品质的影响

以40年长期定位试验为平台,系统分析了不同施肥处理对暗棕壤土壤碳氮磷含量和小麦产量及品质的影响,为探讨长期施用秸秆条件下土壤肥力演变规律提供理论依据。试验设4个处理,分别为单施化肥(NP)、秸秆配施化肥(S+NP)、秸秆配施1/2化肥(S+1/2NP)、秸秆配施1/4化肥(S+1/4NP),其中秸秆为隔年麦秸还田,用量为3 000 kg/hm~2,化肥N、P用量为N 150 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 150 kg/hm~2。结果表明:1)与NP处理相比,秸秆配施化肥处理(S+NP)显著增加了0～20 cm土壤有机碳含量和有效磷含量;秸秆还田条件下,S+1/2NP和S+1/4NP处理0～20 cm土壤中碳氮磷含量均低于S+NP处理,而对于20～40、40～60 cm土层养分含量差异表现不一致。2)不同施肥处理对春小麦产量及其构成因素有显著的影响,各施肥处理综合表现为:S+NPNPS+1/2NPS+1/4NP,即以S+NP处理春小麦产量最高;不同施肥处理对春小麦籽粒容重、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、吸水率、延伸率和拉伸面积等品质指标影响不显著。综合分析各处理,结果表明:S+NP处理(即在秸秆还田条件下,施用N 150 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 150 kg/hm~2)相对其他处理,其保障小麦产量和提升(或维持)土壤肥力的效果最佳。     

农业科研院所视角下新兴交叉学科发展的思考

新兴交叉学科不仅是重大科学成果产生的源泉,也是解决当今社会发展过程中出现的复杂问题的重要途径.文章梳理了部分农业科研院所在新兴交叉研究领域的动向,从省级农业科研院所角度,深入探讨了新兴交叉学科的发展特点和面临形势,从产业应用目标定位、对外交流合作、复合型人才培养引进、学科建设投入、学科发展规律研究和体制机制创新等方面提出了促进农业科研院所新兴交叉学科发展的建议.     

中俄东线天然气管道焊接消磁技术试验

长输管道在建设、改线或维抢修作业时,常会遇到管道对口处有磁偏吹现象,使得在焊接施工时,电弧发生偏离,导致焊接缺陷甚至无法焊接施工,严重影响了工程进度及管道的本质安全。中俄东线天然气管道工程采用1422 mm口径、X80钢级管道,以往所采用的消磁方法和消磁设备已无法满足其大口径、高钢级管道的消磁作业。通过分析管道剩磁的产生机理和影响因素,得到不同消磁方法对中俄东线管道的适用性。通过现场试验验证直流消磁法,分析直流消磁和直流焊机消磁的优缺点及工作参数,提出可行性建议。     

陆上输油管道溢油扩散规律及泄漏后果研究进展

输油管道一旦泄漏不但会造成直接经济损失,而且将对周围环境、沿线居民带来不利影响,掌握泄漏油品在周围环境中的渗流、地表扩散以及蒸发情况,对于开展管道应急处理和泄漏后果评价至关重要。结合陆上输油管道泄漏事故特点,从事故条件下的泄漏量、泄漏油品的流动扩散规律以及泄漏后果等方面入手,对成品油管道泄漏油品研究成果进行了归纳总结,同时为进一步研究泄漏油品在周围环境的扩散过程,预估泄漏后果并制定合理的应急处理方案提出了建议。